About dissolved oxygen (DO) : Dissolved oxygen sensor 【Optical sensor method】
In addition to manual analysis such as iodine titration and mirror modification methods, there are membrane electrode methods using sensors and optical sensor methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen.

The relationship between the intensity and lifetime of luminescence in the absence of oxygen and the intensity and lifetime of luminescence in the presence of oxygen is expressed by the Stern-Former equation.
It can be converted to oxygen concentration by obtaining the intensity of emission (I0/I) or emission lifetime (τ0/τ). In this case, the oxygen concentration refers to the partial pressure of oxygen from dissolved oxygen dissolved in water, and is almost equal to the partial pressure of oxygen at the time of atmospheric saturation and the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere, so that it can be easily calibrated using oxygen in the atmosphere.